Human Toxicity and Ecotoxicity

Impact categories for the harm that chemicals released along the life cycle cause to people (human toxicity) and to freshwater, marine and soil organisms (ecotoxicity). Heavy metals and micropollutants in effluent and sludge weigh heavily here. Many emerging contaminants — pharmaceuticals, PFAS — still lack characterisation factors, so their effects are under-counted: a known limitation that matters for water reuse.